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Papilio glaucus
Sarah, as Dominik implies, P. canadensis is a northern species . . .
http://biodiversitylab.org/index/images/...
. . . and single-brooded, flying May thru July (thus only overwintering chrysalises would be seen this time of year), while P. glaucus, your state insect, has at least two generations in Virginia and its caterpillar can be found more or less throughout the summer and early fall.
I think Virginia is too far in the South for Papilio canadensis. And EarlyStages is a very recognized expert in immature butterflies.
I found this guy at a campground, he looks like a p. canadensis more than a glaucus according to the pictures I saw on bugguide. Is it possible he's a hitchhiker?
I think that's the only possibility looking at the "eyes", spots and other markings. What do you think, Fyn.K?
Well, This looks very muchly like a Two-tailed Swallowtail but that's way out of range. Anybody else know?