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Definitely a Rosa species, I'd guess Rosa multiflora.
Short bit of research made me think this is Yellow salsify (Tragopogon dubius).
I don't mind if you call crab grass a weed. Just noticed that your description sort of implies that this spotting is either a weed or goldenrod, when it could be both in the eyes of the right person.
The word "weed" is completely subjective. It just means "I don't want it here". One person's "weed" is another person's Goldenrod.
Ah yeah, looks like maybe Persicaria maculosa.
Rosa spp., maybe nutkana or gymnocarpa.
More specifically, orange trumpet honeysuckle, Lonicera foliose.
This is not starflower, it is miner's lettuce, Claytonia sibirica.
Some kind of Sedum spp.?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedum