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Papilio canadensis
They may look like eyes, but they're actually just spots. It's a younger caterpillar -- the older ones are green.
This one was found in the Temagami region in Ontario. The butterflies are found all throughout Canada, even far up north.
This caterpillar is fantastic. It was crawling through our campsite one afternoon, and when I approached it to take a photo, it arched its back, its back spots staring and intimidating me.