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A lichen. Probably a Stereocaulon, but not sure which one. I know we have Stereocaulon vulcani up in Haleakala National Park, but not sure if there are other species out there. Always adds a nice contrast to the black lava rock
Also called Indian almond. With a tasty, edible, almond-like kernel, but a lot of work to remove the husk.
A beautiful ginger native to the Himalayas, but highly invasive in Hawaiian rainforests. Spread by birds and coming to dominate forest understories and crowd out native seedlings. The elevation you give (5000 ft) definitely sounds like kahili ginger, although two other Hedychium species (Hedychium coronarium - white ginger & Hedychium coronarium - yellow ginger) are also naturalized in the islands. When not in flower, kahili ginger can be identified by leaves that are usually entirely glabrous, or without hairs, while yellow & white ginger have a light covering of hair on the undersides of the leaves.
Non-native: "Native to North America from Baja California and Mexico south to South America and the West Indies". First collected on Maui in 1910