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Golden thistle, yellow thistle - confusingly similar names, but separate genera. :)
Looks like a crawdad hole.
Happy to help. :)
Could very well be, in its dried-out phase. From Wikipedia: "When wet, Nostoc commune is bluish-green, olive green or brown but in dry conditions it becomes an inconspicuous, crisp brownish mat."
Looks like it to me!
I think that's Virginia Creeper.
Looks a bit like crown-tipped coral fungi, perhaps?
